Menu
Search BMJ Group Search BMJ Group Journals Jobs Education Decision support Quality improvement Community BMJ Group
From trainee to consultant, BMJ Group offers doctors around the world tailored information, special events, learning resources and recruitment services at every step along their career path.
... by doctors, for doctors, for patients About BMJ Group Customer Service Subscriptions & Sales Working for BMJ Group BMJ Media Centre BMJ Group Awards Advertising & Sponsorship Rights & Licensing Affinity & Society Publishing Online learning BMJ Learning High-quality CME / CPD for doctors and other healthcare professionals. BMJ Learning features hundreds of accredited, peer-reviewed learning modules in text, video, and audio formats. Find out more Courses and Qualifications BMJ Masterclasses BMJ Masterclasses, led by experts, help clinicians to use the latest evidence and recent guidelines in practice and meet their CPD/CME requirements. Find out more Exam Preparation 
The leading provider of online exam preparation, helping over 167,000 healthcare professionals to pass their exams. Find out more BMJ Learning BMJ Portfolio BMJ Masterclasses Clinical Leadership Programme Diabetes Qualifications and Courses onExamination Decision support and clinical reference BMJ Evidence Centre The BMJ Evidence Centre builds evidence into practice, to support improvements in the consistency and quality of health care.
Best Practice Clinical Evidence Evidence Updates Best Health Action Sets
Informatica Systems Informatica Systems delivers performance management systems and innovative software solutions to primary care. Learn more Audit + Contract + Health Checks FrontDesk BMJ Quality 
The latest news, research, events, opinion and guidance related to quality and safety in health care.
The 2013 event will take place in London from 16th- 19th April 2013. Find out more BMJ Quality BMJ Quality and Safety International Forum on Quality and Safety in Healthcare BMJ The flagship general medical journal, published since 1840, updated daily online, weekly in print and on the iPad.
BMJBMJ Journals BMJ Journals division publishes over 40 journals across a broad range of specialties.
BMJ JournalsstudentBMJ An international medical journal written for students by students.
Student BMJ JobsBMJ Careers BMJ Careers makes it easy for you to find the right job with the latest healthcare vacancies, upcoming careers fairs, advice on choosing the right specialty, pay and working conditions.
19-20 October 2012 at the Business Design Centre in Islington, London. Register here BMJ Careers Jobs and vacancies at BMJ Group BMJ Careers Fair Community 
Join the discussions on our community site doc2doc or our social pages
... by doctors, for doctors, for patientsWe are open for entries! doc2doc Follow BMJ Group on Twitter BMJ Group on Facebook BMJ Group Awards Subscribe My account
Update my details
Manage my emails
BMA Members Sign in Username: * Password: * Forgot your sign in details?BMA membersAthens or your organisation BMJ Helping doctors make better decisions Search bmj.com: Advanced search Home Research Education News Comment Multimedia Specialties Archive Search all BMJ research articles: From18401841184218431844184518461847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859186018611862186318641865186618671868186918701871187218731874187518761877187818791880188118821883188418851886188718881889189018911892189318941895189618971898189919001901190219031904190519061907190819091910191119121913191419151916191719181919192019211922192319241925192619271928192919301931193219331934193519361937193819391940194119421943194419451946194719481949195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec To18401841184218431844184518461847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859186018611862186318641865186618671868186918701871187218731874187518761877187818791880188118821883188418851886188718881889189018911892189318941895189618971898189919001901190219031904190519061907190819091910191119121913191419151916191719181919192019211922192319241925192619271928192919301931193219331934193519361937193819391940194119421943194419451946194719481949195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec Limit by AllResearchMethods and reporting Our online table of contents is updated at least twice each day. Read all articles published in the last 7 days. You can use bmj.com to help you with your continuing medical education. Find out about CME/CPD credits for BMJ articles Keep up to date with cardiology: Access the latest cardiovascular medicine resources from across BMJ Group.OPEN ACCESS: All research articles are freely available online, with no word limit. Find out more about the BMJ's open access policy. Submit your paper. Find out how study types differ in our How to read a paper section. Countdown to London 2012: BMJ Group's Olympics portal highlights latest Olympics and sports medicine-themed research, comment and learning Research Shift work and vascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ 2012; 345 doi: 10.1136/bmj.e4800 (Published 26 July 2012) Cite this as: BMJ 2012;345:e4800 Epidemiologic studies Article Related content Read responses (1) Article metrics Manav V Vyas, graduate student1, Amit X Garg, professor123, Arthur V Iansavichus, information specialist3, John Costella, research and instructional librarian4, Allan Donner, professor15, Lars E Laugsand, PhD candidate6, Imre Janszky, researcher67, Marko Mrkobrada, assistant professor25, Grace Parraga, associate professor8, Daniel G Hackam, associate professor1251Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada2Department of Medicine, Western University3Kidney Clinical Research Unit, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, Canada4Research and Instructional Services, Allan and Betty Taylor Library, Western University5Clinical Trials Unit, Robarts Research Institute, Western University6Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway7Department of Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden8Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, Western UniversityCorrespondence to: D Hackam, Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre (SPARC), Room 100K-2, Siebens Drake Research Building, 1400 Western Road, London, ON, Canada N6G 2V2 dhackam{at}uwo.caAccepted 21 June 2012AbstractObjective To synthesise the association of shift work with major vascular events as reported in the literature.Data sources Systematic searches of major bibliographic databases, contact with experts in the field, and review of reference lists of primary articles, review papers, and guidelines.Study selection Observational studies that reported risk ratios for vascular morbidity, vascular mortality, or all cause mortality in relation to shift work were included; control groups could be non-shift (“day”) workers or the general population.Data extraction Study quality was assessed with the Downs and Black scale for observational studies. The three primary outcomes were myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and any coronary event. Heterogeneity was measured with the I2 statistic and computed random effects models.Results 34 studies in 2?011?935 people were identified. Shift work was associated with myocardial infarction (risk ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.31; I2=0) and ischaemic stroke (1.05, 1.01 to 1.09; I2=0). Coronary events were also increased (risk ratio 1.24, 1.10 to 1.39), albeit with significant heterogeneity across studies (I2=85%). Pooled risk ratios were significant for both unadjusted analyses and analyses adjusted for risk factors. All shift work schedules with the exception of evening shifts were associated with a statistically higher risk of coronary events. Shift work was not associated with increased rates of mortality (whether vascular cause specific or overall). Presence or absence of adjustment for smoking and socioeconomic status was not a source of heterogeneity in the primary studies. 6598 myocardial infarctions, 17?359 coronary events, and 1854 ischaemic strokes occurred. On the basis of the Canadian prevalence of shift work of 32.8%, the population attributable risks related to shift work were 7.0% for myocardial infarction, 7.3% for all coronary events, and 1.6% for ischaemic stroke.Conclusions Shift work is associated with vascular events, which may have implications for public policy and occupational medicine.IntroductionAlthough definitions vary slightly across sources, shift work can be defined as employment in any work schedule that is not a regular daytime schedule (that is, approximately 0900 to 1700).1 The full spectrum of shift work comprises regular evening or night schedules, rotating shifts, split shifts, on-call or casual shifts, 24 hour shifts, irregular schedules, and other non-day schedules. Shift work has long been known to disrupt circadian rhythm, sleep, and work-life balance; however, flexible work patterns remain a necessary component for a dynamic, diversified industrial economy.2 The association of shift work with vascular disease is controversial. Conflicting data on this association exist, perhaps in part owing to varying methods, populations, and definitions of shift work and vascular or coronary events.3 Furthermore, previous syntheses are now outdated, did not use validated tools for assessing studies, did not capture all available data, and did not apply quantitative techniques to compute summary risk estimates.3 4 5Given these uncertainties, we comprehensively analysed the epidemiology of shift work and vascular events. We were as expansive as possible in our review and did not limit it by study design or type of event analysed. Rather, our goal was to examine reasons for differing estimates in the literature in secondary and sensitivity analyses.MethodsWe planned and reported this systematic review in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA).6Literature search and selectionWe sought observational studies that reported risk ratios (or raw data from which we could derive risk ratios) for the association of shift work with vascular events or mortality. Because of the diversity of endpoints reported, we pre-specified three primary vascular outcomes for this review: myocardial infarction, any coronary event, and ischaemic stroke. Secondary outcomes included heart failure, haemorrhagic stroke, total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, coronary mortality, cerebrovascular mortality, and all cardiovascular events. Outcomes were typically defined by primary study authors using country specific iterations of the international classification of diseases coding system (web extra table A). “Any coronary event” was typically defined as the composite of myocardial infarction, coronary mortality, and hospital admissions due to coronary artery disease (however, certain studies limited their definition to one specific subset of coronary events, such as myocardial infarction or coronary death alone). We imposed no limitation by regional origin, study design, or nature of the control group, which could consist of day workers or the general population.We systematically searched the following electronic bibliographic databases from their inception until 1 January 2012: Medline including PreMedline, Embase, BIOSIS Previews, Cochrane CENTRAL, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertation Abstracts, Scopus, and Science Citation Index Expanded. We used database specific subject terms and keywords to generate an initial list of articles for closer scrutiny (extra table B). Two health information specialists (AVI and JC) designed and implemented the search in consultation with the rest of the team. To identify additional studies, we contacted experts in the field, screened reference lists of primary articles and review papers, and did internet searches of occupational medicine and labour department websites. Two reviewers (MVV and DGH) screened citations and rated articles independently for inclusion; disagreements were resolved through consultation with a third reviewer (MM).Data extractionWe extracted details on study design, setting, definition of shift workers and controls, data sources, accrual interval, outcomes, and follow-up (for cohort studies). We rated methodological quality by using the 27 item Downs and Black scale, which was developed for assessing the design and reporting of both randomised and observational studies.7 We adapted this scale by removing three items pertaining exclusively to randomised trials (specifically, “blinding of study subjects to the intervention,” “randomization to intervention groups,” and “concealed randomized intervention assignment”).We classified shift work schedules according to the original study methodological descriptions as evening, night, rotating, mixed, and irregular or unspecified (see extra table A for individual study level definitions). Two reviewers (MVV and DGH) independently extracted all outcome data after redaction of study citation information; subsequently, we consulted study authors about missing or unclear information. We extracted both unadjusted and adjusted risk estimates (where available) together with their confidence intervals or tests of statistical significance.Statistical analysisWe preferentially pooled multivariable adjusted risk estimates where such estimates were reported; however, if no adjusted analysis was available (n=2 studies), we included the unadjusted estimate. In sensitivity analyses, we separately reported unadjusted and adjusted risk estimates for studies that reported both levels of adjustment. We calculated pooled risk ratios by synthesising across the shift schedules used in individual studies; we used generic inverse variance random effects models with 95% confidence intervals. We used the I2 statistic to measure heterogeneity; values of 0% to 30% represented minimal heterogeneity, 31% to 50% moderate heterogeneity, and greater than 50% substantial heterogeneity.8 We assessed our results by using the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) framework.9Because one of the primary outcomes (coronary events) indicated substantial heterogeneity, we used univariate random effects meta-regression to explore potential sources of inconsistency in this outcome. We tested the effects of characteristics of samples, rates of events, region of study, design of study, methodological quality, and whether reported associative measures were adjusted for smoking and socioeconomic status (noted in the occupational literature as important potential confounders for the relation of shift work with coronary events).10 11 12 We also did subgroup analyses by type of shift work, overall quality of study (top third of Downs and Black score), adjustment for socioeconomic status, and study design (prospective and retrospective cohort versus case-control), again for coronary events (which represented the most commonly reported outcome) as the outcome variable. In addition, we repeated the primary analysis with Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill analysis (to adjust for potential publication bias).13 Finally, we calculated the population attributable risk for shift work in terms of the three co-primary outcomes by using data on the prevalence of shift work from the General Social Survey (2010), done by Statistics Canada.14 15 We used Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 2.0 (Englewood, NJ).ResultsStudy selectionAfter removing duplicates, we identified 12?350 unique references for screening of titles, abstracts, and keywords (web extra figure A). Of these, we retrieved 146 articles in full and rated 35 as eligible for the review (representing 34 distinct datasets).11 12 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Agreement between reviewers for study inclusion was fair (?=0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.90).Study characteristicsThe 34 primary samples comprised 2?011?935 people (table 1?). Study designs were fairly evenly divided between prospective cohorts (n=11), retrospective cohorts (n=13), and case-control analyses (n=10). Shift schedules were classified as evening shifts (n=4 studies), irregular or unspecified shifts (n=6), mixed schedules (n=11), night shifts (n=9), and rotating shifts (n=10); seven studies reported more than one category. Most studies (n=30) used non-shift day workers as the referent category, and the remainder used the general population as controls (n=4). The median Downs and Black score expressed as a proportion was 60% (interquartile range 34-86%); the most common deficiencies were a lack of data on contamination of comparison groups (owing to failure to report exposure over multiple time points) and failure to report all types of adverse vascular events potentially related to shift work (extra figure B).View this table:View PopupView InlineTable 1 Characteristics of studiesPrimary outcomesTen studies recorded myocardial infarction, 28 recorded any coronary event, and two recorded ischaemic stroke (table 2? and extra table C). In pooled random effects analyses, shift work status was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (risk ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.31; I2=0), coronary events (1.24, 1.10 to 1.39; I2=85%), and ischaemic stroke (1.05, 1.01 to 1.09; I2=0) (extra figure C). The I2 statistic for coronary events suggested substantial heterogeneity (figure?). A side by side comparison of unadjusted and adjusted pooled risk ratios from studies reporting both suggested similar results (table 2).
View larger version:In a new windowDownload as PowerPoint SlideMeta-analysis of coronary events. Studies were combined using a random effects generic inverse variance model after stratification by study design. *Risk ratio and 95% confidence interval recalculated from original study data over duration of follow-upView this table:View PopupView InlineTable 2 Primary outcomesSecondary outcomesNo study reported heart failure or haemorrhagic stroke, so we did not consider these endpoints further. Cardiovascular events, coronary mortality, cerebrovascular mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and all cause mortality were reported by five, nine, four, five, and eight studies. All of these outcomes had risk ratios in excess of 1.0, ranging from 1.04 for all cause mortality to 1.24 for cardiovascular events (table 3?, extra figure D); however, none was statistically significant in random effects models at P<0.05.View this table:View PopupView InlineTable 3 Secondary outcomesSensitivity analysesThe Duval and Tweedie trim and fill analysis continued to indicate an increased risk of myocardial infarction and coronary events even after adjustment for publication bias (this analysis was not possible for ischaemic stroke) (table 2?).21 27 We regressed the log risk ratio of coronary events against various baseline characteristics, as coronary disease was the only heterogeneous outcome of the three primary events. None of the pre-specified characteristics was statistically significant (extra table D). In pooled subgroup analyses, all types of shift work were associated with an increased risk of coronary events, with the exception of evening shift work; the highest point estimate was noted for night shifts (risk ratio 1.41, 1.13 to 1.76) (extra table D). When we isolated studies in the top third of the Downs and Black scores, we continued to observe an increased risk of coronary events (risk ratio 1.18, 1.07 to 1.30). We noted similar findings in studies that adjusted for, matched on, or restricted by socioeconomic status (risk ratio 1.19, 1.04 to 1.36). In addition, prospective cohort studies suggested a higher risk of coronary events (risk ratio 1.32, 1.07 to 1.63) than did retrospective cohort studies (1.19, 1.06 to 1.34) or case-control studies (1.12, 1.003 to 1.25); overall, however, we found no evidence of heterogeneity by study design (P=0.39). Finally, on the basis of the prevalence of shift workers among the adult working population in Canada (32.8%), the population attributable risks related to shift work were 7.0% for myocardial infarction, 7.3% for coronary events, and 1.6% for ischaemic stroke, which represent estimates among people employed in the years 2009 and 2010.DiscussionIn a comprehensive, up to date review of all available literature, we found that shift work was associated with coronary and cerebrovascular events (table 4?). We found concordance across statistical models, endpoints, shift work schedules, and adjusted versus unadjusted analyses. Neither publication bias nor socioeconomic status seemed to be a problem.View this table:View PopupView InlineTable 4 Summary of findings: is shift work associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events?*Strengths and weaknessesThis is the largest synthesis of shift work and vascular risk reported to date. Previous work has been hampered by a narrow focus on only one type of risk (such as coronary disease), a lack of completeness in identifying all relevant studies, absence of quantitative synthesis through conventional meta-analytic techniques, and failure to use a validated tool to assess the quality of studies. We have surmounted these limitations and in addition provide in-depth analyses of methodologically strong studies, the effects of adjusting for socioeconomic status, and comparisons of risk associations against different types of vascular events and different shift work schedules.On the other hand, several caveats must be noted. As with many meta-analyses of the observational literature, outcome definitions varied somewhat between studies (extra table A); this may have led to heterogeneity in studies’ results. Different studies adjusted for different risk factors, although broad consistency between unadjusted and adjusted models was noted. None of the secondary endpoints was statistically significant in relation to shift work, and 95% confidence intervals were wide. The large number of distinct cardiovascular maladies represented under the rubric “cardiovascular events” in various iterations of the international classification of diseases coding system could have caused imprecision in risk for this entity. In addition, ischaemic stroke was reported by only two studies and cerebrovascular mortality by an additional four studies; pooled together, this gives 4592 events (still substantially less than the numbers of coronary events and deaths). In addition, we were unable to discern any major sources for the heterogeneity seen in the outcome of coronary events. Finally, our dataset lacked discrete information on the diurnal type of workers (“morningness” or “eveningness”), so we could not determine whether associations differed across this important characteristic.Relation to other studiesNotwithstanding these limitations, we have identified an epidemiological association between shift work and vascular events. Unfortunately, observational studies such as those synthesised here cannot definitively prove causality.49 50 However, other studies have noted that shift workers have higher rates of dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes.51 52 53 Even a single overnight shift is enough to increase blood pressure and impair variability of heart rate.54Shift work is disruptive to circadian rhythm, impairs sleep quality, and affects work-life balance.55 Insomnia, a complaint common among night shift workers, is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction.35 We found that night shifts were associated with the steepest increase in risk for coronary events (risk ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 1.76). Shift workers are also more likely to smoke and often have worse socioeconomic status than do day workers, although presence or absence of adjustment for these factors was not a source of heterogeneity in our analyses; accordingly, subgroup analyses limited to studies that accounted for social class still indicated an increase in coronary risk.56 57 Certainly, to the extent that shift work selects for people with worse lifestyle related habits, it could be a marker rather than a cause of vascular disease. Yet an increased risk of vascular events was evident even in studies that adjusted for unhealthy behaviours in shift workers.21 24 26 30 35 45 Unhealthy behaviour alone thus cannot fully account for the association between shift work and cardiovascular events.Some data suggest that shift work is associated with neoplasia. Hansen and Lassen recently reported an increased risk of breast cancer among female military employees working night shifts; they observed a clear dose-response relation according to the number of years of night shift work (P=0.03) and the cumulative number of such shifts (P=0.02).58 People in the highest third of exposure had a more than twofold increase in the odds of breast cancer (multivariable adjusted odds ratio 2.3, 1.2 to 4.6). Intriguingly, women with morning chronotype preference and exposure to night work greater than the median had even higher risks (adjusted odds ratio 3.9, 1.6 to 9.5). This last finding may suggest a role for disruption of circadian rhythm in the pathogenesis of shift work associated breast cancer.Study implicationsOur findings have several implications. The increased risk of vascular disease apparent in shift workers, regardless of its explanation, suggests that people who do shift work should be vigilant about risk factor modification. Screening programmes for modifiable risk factors in shift workers have yielded substantial burdens of treatable risk factors, including dyslipidaemia, smoking, glucose intolerance, and hypertension.59 60 61 62 63 Shift workers should be educated about cardiovascular symptoms in an effort to forestall or avert the earliest clinical manifestations of disease. Evidence also exists in the literature to suggest that modification and rationalisation of shift schedules may yield dividends in terms of healthier, more productive workers; however, the long term effects of these alterations on vascular outcomes remain unknown.64 65 66 More work is needed to identify the most vulnerable subsets of shift workers and the effects of shift modifying strategies on overall vascular health.What is already known on this topicShift work is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitusDisruption of circadian rhythm may predispose shift workers to vascular events; however, no organised systematic synthesis of all types of vascular events is availableWhat this study addsShift work is associated with myocardial infarction, coronary events, and ischaemic stroke; the relative risks are modest, but population attributable risks are highThese findings seem to be robust and insensitive to publication bias, quality of study, and socioeconomic statusConversely, shift work is not associated with increased rates of mortality (whether vascular cause specific or overall)NotesCite this as: BMJ 2012;345:e4800FootnotesContributors: MVV, JC, and DGH were involved in conception and design of the study. MVV, DGH, IJ, LEL, AVI, JC, and MM were responsible for data acquisition. MVV, DGH, AXG, GP, and AD analysed and interpreted the data. MVV and DGH drafted the manuscript, which was critically revised for important intellectual content by all authors. MVV, DGH, and AD did the statistical analysis. DGH obtained funding. JC and AVI provided administrative, technical, or material support. DGH supervised the study and is the guarantor.Funding: MVV was supported by a Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) strategic training program fellowship in vascular disease. AXG was supported by a CIHR clinician scientist award. DGH and GP were supported by CIHR new investigator awards. Competing interests: All authors have completed the Unified Competing Interest form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Ethical approval: Not needed.Data sharing: Technical appendix, statistical code, and dataset are available from the corresponding author (dhackam{at}uwo.ca).This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.References?Williams C. Work-life balance of shift workers. Volume 9, issue 8. Statistics Canada, 2008. ?Hale HB, Williams EW, Smith BN, Melton CE Jr. Neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to intermittent night shift work. Aerosp Med1971;42:156-62.OpenUrlMedline?Wang XS, Armstrong MEG, Cairns BJ, Key TJ, Travis RC. Shift work and chronic disease: the epidemiological evidence. Occup Med2011;61:78-89.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Boggild H, Knutsson A. Shift work, risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Scand J Work Environ Health1999;25:85-99.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Frost P, Kolstad HA, Bonde JP. Shift work and the risk of ischemic heart disease—a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health2009;35:163-79.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, the PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med2009;151:264-9.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health1998;52:377-84.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med2002;21:1539-58.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol2011;64:4016.OpenUrl?Nabe-Nielsen K, Garde AH, Tuchsen F, Hogh A, Diderichsen F. Cardiovascular risk factors and primary selection into shift work. Scand J Work Environ Health2008;34:206-12.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Boggild H, Suadicani P, Hein HO, Gyntelberg F. Shift work, social class, and ischaemic heart disease in middle aged and elderly men; a 22 year follow up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Occup Environl Med1999;56:640-5.OpenUrlCrossRef?Yadegarfar G, McNamee R. Shift work, confounding and death from ischaemic heart disease. Occup Environ Med2008;65:158-63.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics2000;56:455-63.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?General Social Survey. Cycle 24: time stress and well-being. Statistics Canada, 2010.?Chang MH, Hahn RA, Teutsch SM, Hutwagner LC. Multiple risk factors and population attributable risk for ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States, 1971-1992. J Clin Epidemiol2001;54:634-44.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Akerstedt T, Kecklund G, Johansson SE. Shift work and mortality. Chronobiol Int2004;21:1055-61.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Alfredsson L, Spetz CL, Theorell T. Type of occupation and near-future hospitalization for myocardial infarction and some other diagnoses. Int J Epidemiol1985;14:378-88.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Allesoe K, Hundrup YA, Thomsen JF, Osler M. Psychosocial work environment and risk of ischaemic heart disease in women: the Danish Nurse Cohort Study. Occup Environ Med2010;67:318-22.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Babisch W, Beule B, Schust M, Kersten N, Ising H. Traffic noise and risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiology2005;16:33-40.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Biggi N, Consonni D, Galluzzo V, Sogliani M, Costa G. Metabolic syndrome in permanent night workers. Chronobiol Int2008;25:443-54.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Brown DL, Feskanich D, Sánchez BN, Rexrode KM, Schernhammer ES, Lisabeth LD. Rotating night shift work and the risk of ischemic stroke. Am J Epidemiol2009;169:1370-7.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Ellingsen T, Bener A, Gehani AA. Study of shift work and risk of coronary events. J R Soc Promot Health2007;127:265-7.OpenUrlCrossRefMedline?Falger PR, Schouten EG. Exhaustion, psychological stressors in the work environment, and acute myocardial infarction in adult men. J Psychosom Res1992;36:777-86.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Fujino Y, Iso H, Tamakoshi A, Inaba Y, Koizumi A, Kubo T, et al. A prospective cohort study of shift work and risk of ischemic heart disease in Japanese male workers. Am J Epidemiol2006;164:128-35.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Fukuoka Y, Dracup K, Froelicher ES, Ohno M, Hirayama H, Shiina H, et al. Do Japanese workers who experience an acute myocardial infarction believe their prolonged working hours are a cause? Int J Cardiol2005;100:29-35.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Haupt CM, Alte D, Dörr M, Robinson DM, Felix SB, John U, et al. The relation of exposure to shift work with atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in a general population. Atherosclerosis2008;201:205-11.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Hermansson J, Gillander G, Karlsson B, Lindahl B, Stegmayr B, Knutsson A. Ischemic stroke and shift work. Scand J Work Environ Health2007;33:435-9.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Hublin C, Partinen M, Koskenvuo K, Silventoinen K, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Shift-work and cardiovascular disease: a population-based 22-year follow-up study. Eur J Epidemiol2010;25:315-23.OpenUrlCrossRefMedline?Karlsson B, Alfredsson L, Knutsson A, Andersson E, Torén, K. Total mortality and cause-specific mortality of Swedish shift- and dayworkers in the pulp and paper industry in 1952-2001. Scand J Work Environ Health2005;31:30-5.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Manson JE, Speizer FE, et al. Prospective study of shift work and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation1995;92:3178-82.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Knutsson A, Akerstedt T, Jonsson BG, Orth-Gomer K. Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers. Lancet1986;2:89-92.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Knutsson A, Hallquist J, Reuterwall C, Theorell T, Akerstedt T. Shiftwork and myocardial infarction: a case-control study. Occup Environ Med1999;56:46-50.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Knutsson A, Hammar N, Karlsson B. Shift workers’ mortality scrutinized. Chronobiol Int2004;21:1049-53.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Koller M. Health risks related to shift work: an example of time-contingent effects of long-term stress. Int Arch Occup Environ Health1983;53:59-75.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Laugsand LE, Vatten LJ, Platou C, Janszky I. Insomnia and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation2011;124:2073-81.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Liu Y, Tanaka H, Fukuoka Heart Study Group. Overtime work, insufficient sleep, and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Japanese men. Occup Environ Med2002;59:447-51.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?McNamee R, Binks K, Jones S, Faulkner D, Slovak A, Cherry NM. Shiftwork and mortality from ischaemic heart disease. Occup Environ Med1996;53:367-73.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Netterstrom B, Nielsen FE, Kristensen TS, Bach E, Moller L. Relation between job strain and myocardial infarction: a case-control study. Occup Environ Med1999;56:339-42.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Rafnsson V, Gunnarsdóttir H. Mortality study of fertiliser manufacturers in Iceland. Br J Industrial Med 1990;47:721-5.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Steenland K, Fine L. Shift work, shift change, and risk of death from heart disease at work. Am J Industrial Med1996;29:278-81.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Tarumi K. Mortality and work conditions: a retrospective follow-up assessment of the effects of work conditions on the mortality of male employees in the manufacturing industry. J UOEH1997;19:193-205.OpenUrlMedline?Taylor PJ, Pocock SJ, Sergean R. Absenteeism of shift and day workers: a study of six types of shift system in 29 organizations. Br J Industrial Med1972;29:208-13.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Taylor PJ, Pocock SJ. Mortality of shift and day workers 1956-68. Br J Industrial Med1972;29:201-7.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Tuchsen F. Working hours and ischaemic heart disease in Danish men: a 4-year cohort study of hospitalization. Int J Epidemiol1993;22:215-21.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Tuchsen F, Hannerz H, Burr H. A 12 year prospective study of circulatory disease among Danish shift workers. Occup Environ Med2006;63:451-5.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Vertin PG. Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the Dutch viscose rayon industry. J Occup Med1978;20:346-50.OpenUrlMedline?Virkkunen H, Härmä M, Kauppinen T, Tenkanen L. The triad of shift work, occupational noise, and physical workload and risk of coronary heart disease. Occup Environ Med 2006;63:378-86.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Virtanen SV, Notkola V. Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular mortality and the role of work: a register study of Finnish men. Int J Epidemiol2002;31:614-21.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Puttonen S, Harma M, Hublin C. Shift work and cardiovascular disease—pathways from circadian stress to morbidity. Scand J Work Environ Health2010;36:96-108.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Szosland D. Shift work and metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and ischaemic heart disease. Int J Occup Med Environ Health2010;23:287-91.OpenUrlCrossRefMedline?Pan A, Schernhammer ES, Sun Q, Hu FB. Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women. PLoS Med2011;8:e1001141.OpenUrlCrossRefMedline?Lieu SJ, Curhan GC, Schernhammer ES, Forman JP. Rotating night shift work and disparate hypertension risk in African-Americans. J Hypertens2012;30:61-6.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Uetani M, Sakata K, Oishi M, Tanaka K, Nakada S, Nogawa K, et al. The influence of being overweight on the relationship between shift work and increased total cholesterol level. Ann Epidemiol2011;21:327-35.OpenUrlCrossRefMedline?Lo SH, Lin LY, Hwang JS, Chang YY, Liau CS, Wang JD. Working the night shift causes increased vascular stress and delayed recovery in young women. Chronobiol Int2010;27:1454-68.OpenUrlCrossRefMedline?Garde AH, Hansen AM, Hansen J. Sleep length and quality, sleepiness and urinary melatonin among healthy Danish nurses with shift work during work and leisure time. Int Arch Occup Environ Health2009;82:1219-28.OpenUrlCrossRefMedline?Knutsson A, Nilsson T. Tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in relation to certain work characteristics. Scand J Soc Med1998;26:183-9.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Moller L, Kristensen TS, Hollnagel H. Social class and cardiovascular risk factors in Danish men. Scand J Soc Med1991;19:116-26.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Hansen J, Lassen CF. Nested case control study of night shift work and breast cancer risk among women in the Danish military. Occup Environl Med2012; published online 29 May.?Lin YC, Hsiao TJ, Chen PC. Shift work aggravates metabolic syndrome development among early-middle-aged males with elevated ALT. World J Gastroenterol2009;15:5654-61.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Sakata K, Okubo Y, Oishi M, Tanaka K, et al. A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity (Silver Spring)2008;16:1887-93.OpenUrlCrossRefMedline?Copertaro A, Bracci M, Barbaresi M, Santarelli L. Assessment of cardiovascular risk in shift healthcare workers. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil2008;15:224-9.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Peter R, Alfredsson L, Knutsson A, Siegrist J, Westerholm P. Does a stressful psychosocial work environment mediate the effects of shift work on cardiovascular risk factors? Scand J Work Environ Health1999;25:376-81.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science?Ruidavets JB, Cambou JP, Esquirol Y, Soulat JM, Ferrieres J. [Cardiovascular risk factors and shift work in men living in Haute-Garonne, France.] Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss1998;91:957-62.OpenUrlMedline?Karlson B, Eek F, Orbaek P, Osterberg K. Effects on sleep-related problems and self-reported health after a change of shift schedule. J Occup Health Psychol2009;14:97-109.OpenUrlCrossRefMedlineWeb of Science?Cappuccio FP, Bakewell A, Taggart FM, Ward G, Ji C, Sullivan JP, et al. Implementing a 48 h EWTD-compliant rota for junior doctors in the UK does not compromise patients’ safety: assessor-blind pilot comparison. QJM2009;102:271-82.OpenUrlFREE Full Text?Viitasalo K, Kuosma E, Laitinen J, Harma M. Effects of shift rotation and the flexibility of a shift system on daytime alertness and cardiovascular risk factors. Scand J Work Environ Health2008;34:198-205.OpenUrlMedlineWeb of Science Open access PDFEasy ReadData supplementPress releaseRespond to this article Tweet Services Email to friendDownload to citation managerAdd article to BMJ portfolioRequest permission Citations Find similar articles in PubMedArticles by Manav V VyasArticles by Amit X GargArticles by Arthur V IansavichusArticles by John CostellaArticles by Allan DonnerArticles by Lars E LaugsandArticles by Imre JanszkyArticles by Marko MrkobradaArticles by Grace ParragaArticles by Daniel G HackamCiting articles via Web of ScienceCiting articles via Scopus Social bookmarking 
CiteULike
Connotea
Del.icio.us
Digg
Facebook
Mendeley
Reddit
Twitter
Stumbleupon Latest jobsUK jobsInternational jobsUK jobs Greenbrook is a small, GP-led organisation in West London. We are looking for a GP (20 Jul 2012)Velindre NHS Trust Welsh Blood Service Medical Director Consultant Scale Full time (13 Jul 2012)EAMES JONES JUDGE HAWKINS EUROPEAN MEDICAL DIRECTOR ONCOLOGY (23 Jul 2012)University of Cambridge The Professorship of Nuclear Medicine (19 Jul 2012) show me all jobs >> International jobs DOCTORS - ENJOY THE GREAT LIFESTYLE in Australia and New Zealand. SHO/ Registrar/ Consultant and GP openings. (6 Jul 2012)JERUDONG PARK MEDICAL CENTRE MEDICAL SERVICES 1. GENERAL PRACTITIONER (2 Aug 2012)LEAD THE FUTURE OF HEALTHCARE JurongHealth is Singapore’s public healthcare cluster formed to facilitate the integration of services (2 Aug 2012)JURUDONG PARK MEDICAL CENTRE MEDICAL SERVICES 1. CONSULTANT OBSTETRICIAN AND GYNAECOLOGIST (2 Aug 2012) show me all jobs >> Rapid responses Latest ResponsesMost responsesLatest Responses Re: Will the revolution in genetics improve healthcare? Published 3 August 2012 Re: Proposed targets for new NHS commissioners receive lukewarm response Published 3 August 2012 Re: Should patients be able to control their own records? Published 3 August 2012 Re: Association between psychological distress and mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies Published 3 August 2012 Re: Effectiveness of enhanced communication therapy in the first four months after stroke for aphasia and dysarthria: a randomised controlled trial Published 3 August 2012 more Most responses The truth about sports drinks (12 responses) Published 19 July 2012
In praise of young doctors (11 responses)Published 11 July 2012
Sanctity of life law has gone too far (6 responses)Published 12 July 2012
Should we screen for type 2 diabetes: Yes (4 responses)Published 9 July 2012
Does telemedicine deserve the green light? (4 responses)Published 10 July 2012
more THIS WEEK'S POLLRead related article
See previous polls
Recent blogs and podcastsBlogsBlogs Richard Smith: An open blog to Prime Minister David Cameron (3 Aug 2012)Olympic volunteer John Davies: Working with athletes (3 Aug 2012)Penny Campling: Thoughts on a healthcare culture—part 2 (3 Aug 2012)Desmond O’Neill: Bicycle helmets and the medical humanities (3 Aug 2012)John Davies: Treating casualties at the London 2012 aquatic centre (2 Aug 2012) more >> BMJ most popular Most sharedMost searchedMost shared The truth about sports drinks (768 views)Management of osteoarthritis of the knee (650 views)Treating prostate cancer (503 views)Association between psychological distress and mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies (471 views)Necrotising fasciitis (407 views) Most searched Kathleen Hilditchguyattclinical governance and the drivehow to read a paper"surgical sieve" Follow BMJ Ontwitter.com/bmj_latestfacebook.com/bmjdotcomyoutube.com/user/BMJmedia Content Links Last 7 daysResearchEducationNewsCommentArchiveBlogsVideoPrint Issue My Account Email alertsActivate subscription Resources AuthorsReviewersBMA membersReadersSubscribersAdvertisers and sponsorsMedia Information Contact usFeedback BMJ About usEditorial staffAdvisersPoliciesComplaintsPartnershipsSubmit your paper Explore BMJ About BMJ GroupJunior Doctors: Agents for ChangeOlympics portalStudent BMJdoc2docPandemic FluBMJ Group BMJ Group Privacy policy Website T & Cs Revenue Sources Highwire Press Feedback Help © 2012 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd window.fbAsyncInit = function() {FB.init({appId: '154318714596620', status: true, cookie: true,xfbml: true});};(function() {var e = document.createElement('script'); e.async = true;e.src = document.location.protocol + '//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js';document.getElementById('fb-root').appendChild(e);}());View the original article here
This post was made using the Auto Blogging Software from WebMagnates.org This line will not appear when posts are made after activating the software to full version.
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق